Idealist School, Productive Studio
Gazi Arts-Crafts Department from 1932 to 1973
Salt Ankara
March 4 – April 10, 2019
Arts-Crafts student (left) İsmail Saray with his classmates in the modelling studio, 1967
SALT Research, İsmail Saray Archive
SALT Research, İsmail Saray Archive
Çankaya Municipality Contemporary Arts Center, Ankara
The principal teacher training school established three years after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Gazi Education Institute in Ankara was assigned to bring up teachers who were equipped with all necessary skills to exercise their profession in conditions of hardship, both materially and intellectually. The students were provided with applicable knowledge, which was considered to be the most practical and favorable in the political climate of the period. The Institute’s Arts-Crafts Department developed a curriculum around the concept of “work” with a pedagogical approach that emphasized “learning by doing.” A highly original variety of art education was made available, whose fundamental principles found expression in the practices of the graduates, trained as artist-teachers. Adding a new layer to SALT’s research on the art history of Turkey, Idealist School, Productive Studio focuses between the years 1932 and 1973, marking the period when the Department was opened and until when the Institute’s boarding school was rescinded. Taking place at the Contemporary Arts Center in collaboration with the Çankaya Municipality, following its initial presentation at SALT Galata, the exhibition presents a selection of archive materials and works of art along with oral narratives.
The notion and practice of work education became widespread among industrializing countries from the end of the 19th century onward, especially on the utilization of new means of production. In the 20th century, however, late-industrializing countries concentrated on raising generations of skilled workers who could serve as the agents of implementing rapid progress. This transformation involved associating the old with laziness and lethargy and the new with creation, construction, design, and utility. As a result, in many countries, work education came to be seen as the basis of modern pedagogy. In the Ottoman Empire, first debates around the idea emerged in 1908, when Mustafa Satı Bey was appointed the director of Dârulmuallimîn, an all-male teacher training school in Istanbul. In subsequent years, they were further developed by the reflections of thinkers including İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu and İsmail Hakkı Tonguç, and eventually formed the conceptual basis for a number of leading institutions, such as Gazi Education Institute (est. 1926-27), Community Centers (Halkevleri, est. 1932), and Village Institutes (Köy Enstitüleri, est. 1940).
In Gazi Arts-Crafts Department, art was consciously linked to work and profession as part of the overarching political and social mobilization that was viewed as essential to the modern republic. This approach played a significant role in the development of artist-teachers by combining fine art studios like painting, graphics, and modeling together with applied arts studios like wood, metal, and cardboard works. Students were taught to produce with diverse materials that, in the future, they could use in their art classes as well as their own artistic practice.
Idealist School, Productive Studio explores the contributions this comprehensive mastery of knowledge made to future generations through archival visual records, textbooks of pedagogy, the pedagogical debates held in Baltacıoğlu’s journal Yeni Adam [The New Man], the entire corpus of Adnan Turani’s 1960s journal Sanat ve Sanatçılar [Art and Artists], and the covers of the Community Centers’ journal Ülkü [Ideal], which were designed by teachers in the Arts-Crafts Department. These sources are accompanied by works of a number of graduates and teachers, including paintings by artist and writer Malik Aksel—selected by art historian Martina Becker—and digitized photographs of Şinasi Barutçu, an important figure in the spread of photography in Turkey.
Works produced with an array of printing techniques by Nevzat Akoral, Mustafa Aslıer, Muammer Bakır, Nevide Gökaydın, Mürşide İçmeli, and Süleyman Saim Tekcan showcase the constructive side of the Department’s graphics education. Son of a watch repairman, Cengiz Çekil’s 2005 work 1200 Saat, comprising 1200 old watches purchased at flea markets; and İsmail Saray’s installation Duvara Ders Anlatma [Lecture to a Wall] (1980/2018), reproduced for this exhibition by the artist, represent fine examples of graduates’ varied art practices. Osman Dinç’s Triptik [Triptych] (1978) in wood, glass, felt, and iron; as well as İsimsiz [Untitled] (2006) by Remzi Savaş, a symbolic interpretation of iron scale weights, feature the use of unusual materials. Mustafa Altıntaş’s painting Yapıcılar [The Builders] (2010) references to the educational system implemented in the Village Institutes, where art and work were supposedly fused together. The exhibition also brings together Metin Yurdanur’s busts of Gökaydın, İçmeli, and Hidayet Telli, all teachers at the Department; Halil Akdeniz’s Kompozisyon [Composition] (1964), executed with oil paint that Akdeniz prepared when he was a student; and a drawing by Gülgün Başarır for Refik Epikman’s 1965 studio.
Idealist School, Productive Studio’s Ankara presentation includes includes various films—depicting the title sequence and portfolio design classes in the 1950s—from Ege Berensel’s ongoing visual research Imagery School on education and propaganda films in Turkey, as well as a selection of studio materials used and produced by Recep Cengizkan, both a graduate and a teacher of the Department.
Researchers: Onur Yıldız, Sezin Romi (SALT)
Contributors: Dilan Ece Yıldız, Gencay Altay, Martina Becker, Niyazi Altunya
Design: Emirhan Altuner, Özgür Şahin (SALT)
Translation: Michael D. Sheridan
Acknowledgments: Adem Genç, Ahmet Özol, Ali Cengizkan, Ayşe Önder, Bursa City Museum, BüroSarıgedik, Eda Derala, Engin Özendes, Ergun Barutçu, Erkan Kıyımcı, Gazi University Division of Art Education, Hasan Pekmezci, IMOGA / Istanbul Museum of Graphic Arts, İpek Yada, Keskinok Art Foundation, Merinos Textile Industry Museum, Murat Aksel, Mustafa Ayaz, Müge Cengizkan, Nancy Atakan, Nihat Kahraman, Nuri Aksel, Osman Aziz Yeşil, Samed Karagöz, Tolga Şinoforoğlu, Tuluğ Topçak, Veysel Günay
The principal teacher training school established three years after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Gazi Education Institute in Ankara was assigned to bring up teachers who were equipped with all necessary skills to exercise their profession in conditions of hardship, both materially and intellectually. The students were provided with applicable knowledge, which was considered to be the most practical and favorable in the political climate of the period. The Institute’s Arts-Crafts Department developed a curriculum around the concept of “work” with a pedagogical approach that emphasized “learning by doing.” A highly original variety of art education was made available, whose fundamental principles found expression in the practices of the graduates, trained as artist-teachers. Adding a new layer to SALT’s research on the art history of Turkey, Idealist School, Productive Studio focuses between the years 1932 and 1973, marking the period when the Department was opened and until when the Institute’s boarding school was rescinded. Taking place at the Contemporary Arts Center in collaboration with the Çankaya Municipality, following its initial presentation at SALT Galata, the exhibition presents a selection of archive materials and works of art along with oral narratives.
The notion and practice of work education became widespread among industrializing countries from the end of the 19th century onward, especially on the utilization of new means of production. In the 20th century, however, late-industrializing countries concentrated on raising generations of skilled workers who could serve as the agents of implementing rapid progress. This transformation involved associating the old with laziness and lethargy and the new with creation, construction, design, and utility. As a result, in many countries, work education came to be seen as the basis of modern pedagogy. In the Ottoman Empire, first debates around the idea emerged in 1908, when Mustafa Satı Bey was appointed the director of Dârulmuallimîn, an all-male teacher training school in Istanbul. In subsequent years, they were further developed by the reflections of thinkers including İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu and İsmail Hakkı Tonguç, and eventually formed the conceptual basis for a number of leading institutions, such as Gazi Education Institute (est. 1926-27), Community Centers (Halkevleri, est. 1932), and Village Institutes (Köy Enstitüleri, est. 1940).
In Gazi Arts-Crafts Department, art was consciously linked to work and profession as part of the overarching political and social mobilization that was viewed as essential to the modern republic. This approach played a significant role in the development of artist-teachers by combining fine art studios like painting, graphics, and modeling together with applied arts studios like wood, metal, and cardboard works. Students were taught to produce with diverse materials that, in the future, they could use in their art classes as well as their own artistic practice.
Idealist School, Productive Studio explores the contributions this comprehensive mastery of knowledge made to future generations through archival visual records, textbooks of pedagogy, the pedagogical debates held in Baltacıoğlu’s journal Yeni Adam [The New Man], the entire corpus of Adnan Turani’s 1960s journal Sanat ve Sanatçılar [Art and Artists], and the covers of the Community Centers’ journal Ülkü [Ideal], which were designed by teachers in the Arts-Crafts Department. These sources are accompanied by works of a number of graduates and teachers, including paintings by artist and writer Malik Aksel—selected by art historian Martina Becker—and digitized photographs of Şinasi Barutçu, an important figure in the spread of photography in Turkey.
Works produced with an array of printing techniques by Nevzat Akoral, Mustafa Aslıer, Muammer Bakır, Nevide Gökaydın, Mürşide İçmeli, and Süleyman Saim Tekcan showcase the constructive side of the Department’s graphics education. Son of a watch repairman, Cengiz Çekil’s 2005 work 1200 Saat, comprising 1200 old watches purchased at flea markets; and İsmail Saray’s installation Duvara Ders Anlatma [Lecture to a Wall] (1980/2018), reproduced for this exhibition by the artist, represent fine examples of graduates’ varied art practices. Osman Dinç’s Triptik [Triptych] (1978) in wood, glass, felt, and iron; as well as İsimsiz [Untitled] (2006) by Remzi Savaş, a symbolic interpretation of iron scale weights, feature the use of unusual materials. Mustafa Altıntaş’s painting Yapıcılar [The Builders] (2010) references to the educational system implemented in the Village Institutes, where art and work were supposedly fused together. The exhibition also brings together Metin Yurdanur’s busts of Gökaydın, İçmeli, and Hidayet Telli, all teachers at the Department; Halil Akdeniz’s Kompozisyon [Composition] (1964), executed with oil paint that Akdeniz prepared when he was a student; and a drawing by Gülgün Başarır for Refik Epikman’s 1965 studio.
Idealist School, Productive Studio’s Ankara presentation includes includes various films—depicting the title sequence and portfolio design classes in the 1950s—from Ege Berensel’s ongoing visual research Imagery School on education and propaganda films in Turkey, as well as a selection of studio materials used and produced by Recep Cengizkan, both a graduate and a teacher of the Department.
Researchers: Onur Yıldız, Sezin Romi (SALT)
Contributors: Dilan Ece Yıldız, Gencay Altay, Martina Becker, Niyazi Altunya
Design: Emirhan Altuner, Özgür Şahin (SALT)
Translation: Michael D. Sheridan
Acknowledgments: Adem Genç, Ahmet Özol, Ali Cengizkan, Ayşe Önder, Bursa City Museum, BüroSarıgedik, Eda Derala, Engin Özendes, Ergun Barutçu, Erkan Kıyımcı, Gazi University Division of Art Education, Hasan Pekmezci, IMOGA / Istanbul Museum of Graphic Arts, İpek Yada, Keskinok Art Foundation, Merinos Textile Industry Museum, Murat Aksel, Mustafa Ayaz, Müge Cengizkan, Nancy Atakan, Nihat Kahraman, Nuri Aksel, Osman Aziz Yeşil, Samed Karagöz, Tolga Şinoforoğlu, Tuluğ Topçak, Veysel Günay
